Ice and Water - Solar System Wikepedia

Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.

In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far away as the Oort cloud objects. Beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice. It is abundant on Earth's surface – particularly in the polar regions and above the snow line[1] – and, as a common form of precipitation and deposition, plays a key role in Earth's water cycle and climate. It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost, icicles or ice spikes. Meditech technologies India Pvt Ltd uses the above technology for its Ice Lined Refrigerator

Ice molecules can exhibit seventeen or more different phases (packing geometries) that depend on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly (quenching), up to three different types of amorphous ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature. When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below 20 K giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena. Virtually all the ice on Earth's surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih (spoken as "ice one h") with minute traces of cubic ice denoted as ice Ic. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0°C (273.15K, 32°F) at standard atmospheric pressure. It may also be deposited directly by water vapor, as happens in the formation of frost. The transition from ice to water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation.

Ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture.

At What Temperature Does the Water Freeze?

The title of this post would seem an appropriate question for an elementary-school science exam, but the answer is far more complicated than it first appears. We’ve all been taught that water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius, 273.15 Kelvin. That’s not always the case, though. Scientists have found liquid water as cold as -40 degrees F in clouds and even cooled water down to -42 degrees F in the lab. How low could they go?

At What Temperature Does Water Freeze? 

The answer is far more complicated than it first appears—water doesn’t always turn to ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Is it possible to store have temperature of ice lined refrigerator below freezing point of ice??

Water crystallizes into ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit most of the time, but not always.

Water crystallizes into ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit most of the time, but not always. (Courtesy of Flickr user s.alt)

The title of this post would seem an appropriate question for an elementary-school science exam, but the answer is far more complicated than it first appears. We’ve all been taught that water freezes at 32  degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius, 273.15 Kelvin. That’s not always the case, though. Scientists have found liquid water as cold as -40 degrees F in clouds and even cooled water down to -42 degrees F in the lab. How low could they go?

That turns out to be a tricky problem to answer. When liquid water is cooled below -42 degrees F, it crystallizes into ice too quickly for scientists to measure the temperature of the liquid. So Emily Moore and Valeria Molinero of the University of Utah developed a sophisticated computer simulation of 32,768 water molecules (fewer molecules than can be found in a raindrop) that let them see what happened to the water’s heat capacity, density and compressibility as it supercooled and determine what happened as 4,000 of those molecules froze. Their results appear in the journal Nature.

As the temperature of the water approaches -55 degrees F, the water molecules form tetrahedrons, with each molecule loosely bonding to four other molecules. The density of the water decreases, its heat capacity increases and its compressibility increases. “The change in structure of water controls the rate at which ice forms,” Molinero says. “We show both the thermodynamics of water and the crystallization rate are controlled by the change in structure of liquid water that approaches the structure of ice.” Below -55 degrees F, tiny bits of liquid water may still exist, but it would do so only for an incredibly short time, Molinero says.

At What Temperature Does Water Freeze?

The answer is far more complicated than it first appears—water doesn’t always turn to ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit

Water crystallizes into ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit most of the time, but not always.

Water crystallizes into ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit most of the time, but not always. (Courtesy of Flickr user s.alt)

The title of this post would seem an appropriate question for an elementary-school science exam, but the answer is far more complicated than it first appears. We’ve all been taught that water freezes at 32  degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius, 273.15 Kelvin. That’s not always the case, though. Scientists have found liquid water as cold as -40 degrees F in clouds and even cooled water down to -42 degrees F in the lab. How low could they go?

That turns out to be a tricky problem to answer. When liquid water is cooled below -42 degrees F, it crystallizes into ice too quickly for scientists to measure the temperature of the liquid. So Emily Moore and Valeria Molinero of the University of Utah developed a sophisticated computer simulation of 32,768 water molecules (fewer molecules than can be found in a raindrop) that let them see what happened to the water’s heat capacity, density and compressibility as it supercooled and determine what happened as 4,000 of those molecules froze. Their results appear in the journal Nature.

As the temperature of the water approaches -55 degrees F, the water molecules form tetrahedrons, with each molecule loosely bonding to four other molecules. The density of the water decreases, its heat capacity increases and its compressibility increases. “The change in structure of water controls the rate at which ice forms,” Molinero says. “We show both the thermodynamics of water and the crystallization rate are controlled by the change in structure of liquid water that approaches the structure of ice.” Below -55 degrees F, tiny bits of liquid water may still exist, but it would do so only for an incredibly short time, Molinero says.

This supercooling of water is possible because water needs a small nucleus or seed of ice for the molecules to form crystals and in very pure water “the only way you can form a nucleus is by spontaneously changing the structure of the liquid,” Molinero says. Those nuclei won’t form or grow large enough until the structure of the liquid water molecules approaches that of solid ice, which doesn’t happen until the water gets so incredibly cold.

Ice-lined refrigerator for pharmaceutical and vaccine storage

Ice Lined Refrigerator VLS from Vestfrost
Storage of samples, drugs and reagents.
Ideal for wards, clinics, consulting rooms and laboratories

Features
Storage baskets: 7
Automatic temperature control
Comes with a lock and keys
Specifications
Gross volume: 235 litres
Net volume: 145 litres
Temperature range (43°C AMB):+2° to +8°C
Hold-over time: 30 hours
Energy consumption - stable, kWh/24h: 0.82
Energy consumption - cool down, kWh/24h: 0.85
Refrigerant: R600a
WHO PQS code: E003/021
Climate zone, class: Hot Energy supply needed per 24 hours: 8 hours
Model Specification 
Height: 860mm
Width: 1270mm
Depth: 700mm
Gross weight: 99kg
Net weight: 76kg
Shipping volume: 1,02m³

Bio Ice Lined Refrigerator

Ice Lined Refrigerators are designed for highly safe vaccine and blood bags storage with temperature range from +2°C to +8°C. Our Ice Lined Refrigerators meet UNICEF / PQS / WHO blood safety guidelines and can be designed up to 300 Liters or more capacities. Icelined refrigerator units by Bio Scientific are equipped with effective PUF insulation that ensures long hold-over time in case of power failure.
Along with ready made units 64 liters to 235 liters, we design, manufacture and supply Ice Lined Refrigerator in many other sizes, capacities and technical specifications as specified by our customers. Available at highly economical price, these units are supplied all over India also exported to various countries of Asia, Africa and Middle East.

Temperature Range:
+2°C to +8°C which is controlled by microprocessor based digital temperature controller.
Ice Pack Compartment:
Equipped with built-in ice ice packs to keep the chamber temperature within 2°C to 8°C range in an ambient temperature of no warmer than 43 ℃ for up to 24 hours during loss of power.
Capacity:

These systems are custom designed and manufactured by meditech depending upon customer requirement these units are designed and developed from portable to large capacity sizes. Whether you need blood bag storage from 50, 100, 200 bags or more these ice lined refrigerators can be designed accordingly.

Optional Accessories:
- Temperature data logger
- Temperature Chart Recorder
- Computer Interface & software
- Data storage & print function
- Alarm system with rechargeable battery backup
- Alarms for open door, sensor fault, and condenser fault etc.
- Automatic Voltage Stabilizer
- Dual door system with inner Glass door

ice lined refrigerator temperature monitoring study

Meditech Ice Lined Refrigerator Temperature Monitoring

•Uncompromisable cooling

•Anti-Freeze technology limits temperature variation within the cabinet to less than 1˚C and guarantees never to freeze vaccines

• The technology provides exceptionally long holdover times to cope with periods of no power

• Ice never forms on the cabinet walls - no risk of freezing and no need to ever defrost the refrigerator

Compliant with International Standards

• All models are being independently tested for WHO pre-qualification

• All models are extensively tested to simulate the harshest environmental conditions

• Independent study confirms Anti-sure technology provides dependable cooling - protecting life saving vaccines

Saving lives around the world

• Anti Freeze technology is in use in over 30 countries across the world

  Trusted by Ministries of Health

• “meditech Anti Freeze Ice Lined Refrigerator has not only ensured that our vaccines are stored at the right temperature even without power for a long time, but also relieved us of the tension of getting the valuable vaccines spoiled due to regular outage of power and ambient temperatures."

“WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION”

vertical ice lined refrigerator

•Features of Vertical Ice lined Refrigerator 

•Reliable temperature between +2°C to +8°C

•12 V - 24 V DC operating voltage featuring shut-off at low voltage

•Eco-friendly cooling agent (R-134a)

•Maintenance Free Brushless DC Compressor

•Adjustable interior temperature

•Very low energy requirement

•Highly-efficient cooling

•Low Maintenance

•Double gasket to keep long cooling

•Easy to installation

•Only 2.5 hrs. of electricity needed per 24 hrs. at 43°C AMB

•Self-regulating cooling system

•Cooling coil of copper

•CFC-free refrigerant and insulation

•Compressor made for use in the tropics

•Solid lid with handle and lock

•Baskets for organized storage

•Delivered in solid, wooden crate 

working of ice lined refrigerator

Ice Lined Refrigerator chamber monitoring
The vaccines in Ice Lined Refrigerator  products is addressed by the ICH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) and the final guidance on Temperature testing has been adopted across Europe, Japan and the United States.
Furthermore, the FDA states in 21 CFR part 203 section that manufacturers, authorized distributors of drugs and their representatives shall store and handle all drug samples under “conditions that will maintain their temperature, integrity and effectiveness,” ensuring that the drug samples are free of contamination, deterioration and adulteration.

Within the ice lined refrigerator chamber, parameters such as temperature, humidity, differential pressure, lighting, gas levels and other environmental conditions must be controlled, monitored and documented. To reduce the risk of failed studies, a monitoring system designed for both functionality and compliance is required. Functions should include data logging, automated date file backup, monitoring and reporting via Internet access, connectivity options including wireless, email, phone or text alarm notifications, multiple levels of data security, which can include digital signatures, complete event and interaction history and audit trail.